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The Imperative of PAM Solutions in Today’s Digital Age 

The Imperative of PAM Solutions in Today’s Digital Age 

In a world interconnected by digital platforms, the importance of access management has never been more pronounced. As businesses grow and diversify, so does their IT infrastructure. The range of access points has multiplied from employees accessing files on a shared server to third-party vendors accessing critical systems. While essential for operational fluidity, each access point represents a potential vulnerability. Mismanaged or unregulated access can lead to breaches, data theft, and other cybersecurity concerns. Enter PAM solutions.

At its core, PAM ensures that only the right individuals have access to specific resources and only at the correct times. Whether a top-tier executive accessing strategic documents or an IT administrator managing server configurations, PAM ensures that access is granted judiciously, monitored continuously, and audited regularly. 

Delve deep into the nuances of PAM. Explore its pivotal role in cybersecurity, compliance, and operational efficiency. By understanding the intricacies of PAM solutions, businesses can better safeguard their assets and propel themselves confidently into the future. 

The Escalating Landscape of Cyber Threats 

While bringing unprecedented convenience and connectivity, the digital age has also ushered in a new era of cyber threats. Daily news headlines echo tales of data breaches, ransomware attacks, and sophisticated hacking attempts. Regardless of their size or industry, businesses are in the crosshairs of cyber adversaries looking to exploit vulnerabilities for financial, strategic, or ideological gains. 

Such threats aren’t merely abstract risks; they translate into tangible losses. For example, a single data breach can result in financial penalties, loss of customer trust, and long-term reputational damage. In this landscape, the protection of sensitive data becomes paramount. Personal customer information, proprietary business data, and strategic assets are all prime targets for unauthorized access. 

This is where Privileged Access Management takes center stage. PAM solutions act as a formidable barrier against unauthorized intrusions by meticulously managing and monitoring privileged access. They ensure that only vetted individuals can access sensitive systems, and, even then, their actions are logged, audited, and, if necessary, alerted upon. In essence, PAM solutions are the sentinels that guard the digital fortresses of modern businesses, ensuring that assets remain secure and breaches are averted. 

Consequently, as we navigate the complexities of modern cybersecurity, the role of PAM becomes increasingly indispensable. It’s not just about preventing unauthorized access. Rather, it’s about fostering a security culture where every access point is treated with the scrutiny it deserves. 

Streamlining Operations and Embracing the Future with PAM Solutions 

As organizations expand and diversify, their operational landscape becomes increasingly intricate. Once a straightforward task, managing access privileges can morph into a complex challenge. With many roles, responsibilities, and resources, ensuring proper access to the right person at the right time becomes daunting. What’s more, this complexity is only amplified as businesses transform digitally, adopting cloud infrastructures and integrating multiple platforms. 

Privileged Access Management solutions are the linchpin in this evolving scenario. They not only simplify the task of access management but also enhance operational efficiency. Whether granting a new employee the necessary privileges, revoking access from a departing team member, or managing service account permissions, PAM solutions streamline these processes, reducing the room for errors and inefficiencies. 

However, the role of PAM doesn’t stop at simplifying operations within a traditional IT setup. As businesses embrace the cloud and embark on digital transformation journeys, managing access across diverse environments comes to the fore. Hybrid infrastructures, which blend on-premises systems with cloud platforms, demand a unified approach to access management—adaptable, resilient, and future-proof. 

PAM solutions rise to this occasion by offering seamless access control and privileged session management across varied environments. Whether an organization operates entirely on the cloud, maintains a hybrid setup, or is in the transitional phase, PAM systems ensure that access privileges remain consistent, secure, and compliant. By adapting to these hybrid infrastructures, PAM solutions address immediate operational needs and pave the way for a future where businesses can fluidly move between platforms without compromising security. 

In this dual role—enhancing operational efficiency and facilitating digital transformation—PAM solutions are indispensable assets for modern businesses. 

Deciphering the PAM Landscape: A Comprehensive Vendor Evaluation Guide 

In today’s bustling market, an array of PAM solutions vie for the attention of businesses, each promising unparalleled security and operational benefits. However, with varying features, scalability options, and integration capabilities, how can a company discern which PAM solution aligns best with its unique needs? 

  1. Criteria for Evaluation:
  • Features: A robust PAM solution should offer comprehensive features, from detailed access logs to real-time alerts and automated workflows. 
  • Scalability: As businesses grow, their PAM solutions should be able to scale seamlessly, accommodating more users, systems, and environments. 
  • Integration Capabilities: The ability to integrate smoothly with other systems—be it identity management tools, HR systems, or cloud platforms—is crucial. 
  1. Key Terminologies to Grasp:
  • Secret Server: A secure platform where privileged credentials are stored, managed, and accessed. 
  • Privileged Credential: Specialized credentials that grant higher-level access to systems and data. 
  • Privileged Identities: User profiles with elevated permissions to access sensitive resources. 

Understanding these terminologies can equip businesses to make informed decisions. Cut through the marketing jargon and focus on what truly matters. 

  1. The Pillars of Privilege Management:
  • Password Management: Centralizing and securing privileged passwords’ storage, rotation, and retrieval. 
  • Endpoint Privilege Management: Ensuring that only vetted applications and processes run with elevated privileges on endpoints, thereby reducing the attack surface. 

By considering these evaluation criteria and terminologies, businesses can confidently navigate the PAM market landscape, selecting a solution that addresses their present challenges and positions them for future growth. 

The Evolution of PAM Solutions: Simeio’s Advanced Features and Expertise 

Businesses often struggle to identify a robust, secure, and adaptable solution to their unique needs in a landscape teeming with PAM solutions. Simeio, a leading entity in the realm of IAM services, stands out in this domain with its unparalleled expertise and advanced features. 

Central to Simeio’s PAM offerings is the emphasis on advanced components like multi-factor authentication, a critical layer that adds an extra dimension of security. By distinguishing between standing privileges (which are always-on rights) and elevated privileges (granted as needed) Simeio ensures that access is always contextual and justified. Our sophisticated privilege management techniques and prowess in managing unauthorized access and data breach threats make us a preferred choice for businesses seeking comprehensive privileged access management solutions

But what truly sets Simeio apart is our operational excellence. With the ability to secure sensitive data and accounts through expert optimization of PAM tools, they champion next-generation authorization processes. Furthermore, businesses no longer rely on manual methods to grant or revoke privileged access. Simeio’s expertise lies in automating the PAM process, resulting in significant time and cost savings. Our promise of a 60% faster deployment (thanks to partnerships with leading PAM vendors) reflects our commitment to efficiency and excellence. 

With over 95+ PAM certified experts on board, Simeio offers round-the-clock monitoring to protect users with the highest access. Additionally, our team is adept at navigating the complexities of any PAM solution, ensuring businesses can focus on broader security visions. We offer companies peace of mind and assurance by addressing rapidly changing security threats targeting privileged accounts. 

The Simeio Advantage: Pioneering PAM Excellence 

  • 60% Faster Deployment: Partnering with leading PAM vendors for swift and efficient solution implementation
  • 95+ PAM Certified Experts: Round-the-clock monitoring by a dedicated team of seasoned professionals. 
  • Next-Gen Authorization: Move beyond manual methods with automated PAM processes, optimizing time and cost. 
  • Holistic Approach: From managed services to advisory and identity threat detection, Simeio covers the entire spectrum of PAM needs. 
  • Enhanced Policy Enforcement: Continuous and sustainable policy monitoring across all privileged accounts. 
  • Improved ROI: Reduce risks, align compliance, and achieve PAM goals with Simeio’s expert guidance. 
  • Flexible Offerings: Tailored solutions to fit every need, from new system integrations to legacy solution migrations. 

Simeio doesn’t just offer a PAM solution; we provide a holistic approach to privileged access management. From sustainable policy enforcement to ensuring continuous compliance and improving ROI, our services span PAM needs. Whether businesses seek managed services, advisory services, or identity threat detection and remediation, Simeio offers flexibility and expertise. 

Navigating the PAM Solution Landscape with Simeio 

In an interconnected digital landscape, the significance of robust Privileged Access Management can’t be emphasized enough. As the nexus of business operations, data management, and cybersecurity, PAM is the frontline defense against escalating cyber threats. In this realm, Simeio emerges as more than just a solution provider. We are a trusted partner, a beacon of expertise, and a testament to excellence in the world of IAM services. Furthermore, our commitment to offering next-generation authorization processes and our relentless pursuit of innovation make us an indispensable ally for businesses navigating the complexities of the modern digital age. 

The choice for businesses is evident as we stand at the precipice of a new cybersecurity and access management era. It’s not just about adopting a PAM solution; it’s about partnering with a leader who understands this domain’s nuances, challenges, and opportunities. 

Discover the Simeio Difference: Dive deep into the world of advanced PAM solutions and experience firsthand the expertise and innovation that Simeio brings. Explore Simeio’s Offerings 

Get Started with Simeio: Ready to elevate your PAM strategy? Then connect with our team of experts and embark on a journey of enhanced security, compliance, and operational efficiency. Contact Us Today 

Want to read more on PAM solutions within specific sectors? Then check out these available resources. 

Candy, Cars, and Starships: PAM Security Could Have Stopped Major Manufacturing Data Breaches

Candy, Cars, and Starships: PAM Security Could Have Stopped Major Manufacturing Data Breaches

PAM Security

Manufacturing recalls ideas of big tough machines doing big tough machine things. Smelters turning molten iron into mighty girders. Robotic arms assembling sedans and minivans in a matter of minutes. Plastic injectors churning out tacky pieces of garbage that you don’t need or even want but you lack the self-control to resist a 40% off sticker. Yet despite its image of power and unstoppable industry, manufacturing is afflicted by a lack of PAM security.

Manufacturing enterprises have suffered some of the worst cyberattacks in recent years. Ransomware struck 56% of manufacturing companies surveyed by Sophos between January and March 2023. In 2023 alone, more than a third of manufacturing ransomware victims paid ransom demands to get their data back.

Too much of cybersecurity strategy is hindsight-only, looking back on what could have happened instead of anticipating before it happened. Fortunately for you, you still have time to learn from their mistakes and make adjustments to your PAM security strategy. Read on and discover how PAM protects your digital identities…before it is too late.

PAM Security for Candy Manufacturing Digital Identities

In 2017, Mondelez, the multinational food and beverage company behind Cadbury and Nabisco, suffered a catastrophic NotPetya malware attack. The incident destroyed more than 25,000 machines. Additionally, the attack crippled facility operations and may have compromised thousands of user credentials. The incident even lead to a landmark cyber-insurance court case costing $100 MN. The breach of Mondelez’s cybersecurity perimeter would have been damaging enough to their reputation. However, the direct effects of the attack turned out to be far more dire.

Consisting of wiper malware likely concealed within Ukrainian tax software, the NotPetya attack concealed an insidious secret. Though initial investigators believed the attack to be a ransom attempt, it was later discovered that the attack was simply meant to permanently damage the company. This demonstrates that, even if the victim is willing to pay a ransom, that may not always be an option. Therefore, a PAM security solution is the much better option for preventing the attack from getting off the ground.

Human error obviously led to a gap in cybersecurity strategy. When an authorized user lets in a bad actor, a skilled hacker can quickly move laterally through an undefended system. However, even if an initial attack gets through, there are solutions that could have halted and isolated its progress. A properly equipped IGA and PAM system could have prevented the exploit from moving laterally, identifying suspicious behavior and combating it. A PAM security solution would have required third-party vendors to be under the same scrutiny as internal identities. By establishing norms the system can alert and lock down access even for machine identities, which could have stopped the user-agnostic malware.

Protecting Car Manufacturers’ Digital Identities Through PAM Security

Post-breach analysis is somewhat hampered by the lack of public information on the original attack vector. Yet the effects of the 2017 Renault-Nissan attack were evident. This WannaCry ransomware attack infected the machines at multiple places. Their solution was to disconnect the infected plants from its network for four days, halting operations at five production plants across three continents.

The protracted shutdown of Renault’s Douai plant, responsible for building some of Renault’s top-priced models, was particularly harsh. WannaCry also targeted Renault-Nissan’s fellow automotive manufacturer Honda. This attack forced Honda to halt operations at one of their plants. The nature of the attack lead some experts to theorize that the hackers used outdated Windows systems to access Renault’s systems. However, this remains speculative.

In this instance, PAM would have allowed for a much faster response to the attack. Centralized controls could have safely and remotely taken the devices offline, allowing for much faster isolation. An adaptive MFA system could have halted the intrusion mere moments after it started. In such cases, the adaptive MFA detects and automatically demands additional verification. If a qualified managed identity services provider had implemented the PAM platform, the presence of vulnerable hardware might have been noticed in the initial assessment. In such a case, the vector would never have been available to the hackers, thus preventing the shutdown and subsequent lost revenue.

Privileged Access Management Security for Starships

As humanity begins gearing up for a long-awaited return to the moon, issues earth-side threaten to delay the venture. In early 2019 a DoppelPaymer ransomware attack targeted precision machine manufacturer and SpaceX supplier Visser Precision. The attackers stole several confidential documents including non-disclosure agreements with Tesla, SpaceX, and General Dynamics. Additionally, and chillingly, they also stole and published a Lockheed Martin schematic for a missile antenna.

Similar cyber-attacks have struck even more audacious targets, such as the Maze attack against Pensacola, Florida. Such attacks rely upon circumventing account provisioning and gaining unauthorized access to sensitive data. However, the cyberattack against Visser Precision did not merely aim to lock users out of their systems. Unlike encrypted files, which can at least conceivably be decoded, this attack is considered a success as soon as the confidential information is in the hands of the bad actors. At that stage the enterprise loses either way.

The theft of such critical and even dangerous data needs to have a perimeter around each identity within an organization. Merely requesting a document under unusual circumstances should raise flags in automated and adaptive MFA. However, that only works if an enterprise has instituted PAM security with adaptive MFA as an accompanying feature. When remediation of compromised data is not a viable solution, then total prevention becomes the only possible remedy.

Contact a Simeio identity advisor now and learn what the ideal PAM security solution looks like for your enterprise.

Securing Privileged Identity Management through Identity Management Solutions

Securing Privileged Identity Management through Identity Management Solutions

Securing Privileged Identity Management through Identity Management Solutions

If protected identities are the fun-size chocolates of an identity fabric, then privileged identities are the entire candy bowl. Critical for internal users and tempting prizes for bad actors, whoever gets their hands onto these privileged identities can do as they will with all the delicious morsels inside. Privileged identity management solutions seek to provide the best possible candy bowl, one that is easy for authorized users to reach into while keeping the grubby mitts of hackers out.

Cybersecurity and efficiency are your two main priorities when creating your privileged identity management solution, and each is of equal importance. Without good data protection, confidential data can fall into the hands of bad actors who expose customer secrets. Without efficient identity management, your identities will be essentially useless since they’ll be too difficult to alter. An identity management solution capable of satisfying both is a worthy platform for your privileged identities.

Secure Privileged Identity Management Solutions

Your privileged identities face many potential threats, chief among them the prospect of credential abuse. The 2013 Target HVAC attack and 2023 MOVEit breaches both resulted from privileged accounts becoming compromised. In the first case, the importance of third-party privileged identities proved to be the trouble. In the second, a lack of defining privileged users made unauthenticated accounts able to make changes to the core of victims’ systems. Each attack vector was opened up by a lack of proper privileged identity management solutions.

Of all the management solutions to look at, PAM is the best place to start. It comes with two major features pertinent to your cybersecurity needs. The first is active monitoring which records all actions taken with your systems. This provides you with a clear chain of custody and play-by-play, allowing you to always be ready with an answer to the 6 most important identity and access security questions. Equipped with the monitoring metrics, your enterprise is able to make informed decisions about the precise amount of privileges an account should have. This control keeps data secure from hackers and safeguarded even in the event of a breach.

However, it can go a step further with automated IGA. By instituting RBAC, your PAM automatically flags and alerts you about suspicious behavior. Then it automatically enforces your policy and even isolates breaches while they are still in progress. What happens when hackers compromise your credentials(the most common attack vector)? Adaptive MFA detects suspicious factors. These include unusual geolocation or time of day and result in the issue of a challenge for authentication. Whether you’re protecting electronic health recordssecure banking data, or consumer info, PAM enabled by IGA provides an effective perimeter around each identity.

Enable Efficiency Through Identity Solutions

The ability to swiftly remediate security issues using central PAM and IGA controls is crucial. They can be the deciding factor in whether a breach is contained or results in a humiliating public incident. However, with the right setup those same systems can also make your identity platforms easier to use. Additionally, this ease of use extends not only to your privileged identities, but also to all profiles in your system. Experts build your privileged identity management solution to touch all corners of your identity fabric. Therefore, you will be able to institute quality of life and speed of service as well.

One of the most important benefits of an agile privileged identity solution is the acceleration of onboarding. By having RBAC in place, you can quickly act on your J-M-L pipeline. For example, a major energy company reduced app onboarding times by 89% by leveraging PAM controls.  Furthermore, this is one area where security intersects with performance. By automating this process, you can automatically de-provision accounts which no longer need certain kinds of access. This both enforces the PoLP and cuts off orphaned accounts, all while reducing the manpower needed to administrate.

CIAM solutions likewise provide good ROI for customers’ frictionless security. Your previous investments provide excellent utility when implemented by an expert team crafting a bespoke solution around your specific needs. In this case, their solution gives a boost to your platform’s self-service capabilities. These abilities extend not only to consumer-driven fields like retail but any industry based on user-interaction. Adaptive MFA makes for on the go security while SSO and automated password resets. Consequently, these capabilities cut back on help-desk requests for password resets by up to 85%.

Effectively Implementing Your Ideal Privileged Identity Management Solution

So how do these benefits take the leap from the words of this blog to the highlights of your quarterly report? You need to start with an assessment by people who know what the best course of action is to take to improve your identity fabric. The fewer mistakes made in the plan, the better the ultimate result will be. If you employ a team with experience and knowledge, you can produce a multifaceted identity success story. They need to come in and take a look at where your identity fabric is, where it should be, and how to get there. Should your enterprise commit to such a strategy, you can expect a major boost in your identity maturity.

Subsequently, you need to capitalize on those strategies. If you’ve chosen your service provider well, you can call on the same people to carry out the improvements that did your assessment. Your previous success with their services provides you with a pre-established baseline of trust in their competence. Additionally, they can deliver a practical action plan, advise you on generating buy-in, and provide a clear roadmap leading to your ideal privileged identity management solution.

Finally, keep up momentum by having the identity services provider perform regular maintenance for your solution. By having your implementation done right from the start, you encounter fewer unforeseen issues. This is especially true of your compliance needs, with your platform automatically collecting audit data and satisfying protection standards. Thus you enjoy a lower cost of maintenance. Such experts can predict which investments need to be made and where, saving you the trouble of fumbling about. Finally you can breathe easy, confident that your privileged identities are fortified by a trusted managed identity service.

Contact a Simeio identity advisor now and start planning for the best privileged identity management solution you can get.

Securing Identities and Access: A Guide to Robust Identity Management Solutions

Securing Identities and Access: A Guide to Robust Identity Management Solutions

Enable through identity Management Solutions

Identity management solutions have become a pivotal concern for enterprises today as escalating cyber threats, intensifying regulations, and increasingly complex IT environments converge to create immense challenges.

Organizations of all sizes and industries face immense pressure to implement robust identity solutions. As a result, these solutions are urgently required to control access, unify identities, simplify administration, and secure systems against attack.

However, identity management also has its pain points surrounding compliance, complex IT ecosystems, and data unification that compound the challenges. This article explores these key identity management challenges that enterprises universally grapple with:

  • Managing compliance with stringent industry regulations around protecting sensitive user identities and data.
  • Simplifying identity and access management across intricate hybrid IT environments comprised of cloud, on-premise, and legacy systems.
  • Consolidating siloed identity data into unified stores to gain holistic governance and visibility.

Overcoming Key Pain Points with Simeio’s IAM Capabilities

While robust identity and access management deliver immense value, it also inherently poses significant pain points that organizations invariably grapple with. Even the most mature IAM programs face issues like meeting stringent compliance mandates, managing intricate hybrid environments, and combating escalating cyberthreats.

These challenges are unavoidable hurdles organizations encounter on their journey to identity maturity. However, just because these struggles are inevitable does not mean they cannot be overcome. With the right partner and solutions, organizations have conquered compliance, IT infrastructure, and security complexities.

Resolving Regulatory Compliance Struggles

  • Pain Point: Adhering to stringent regulations like HIPAAGDPR, and PCI-DSS around protecting digital identities is a significant concern for enterprises. Violations of these standards can lead to heavy fines and reputational damage.
  • Solution: Simeio’s identity governance capabilities allow organizations to manage access and entitlements strictly, ensuring compliant user provisioning and authentication. Our cloud identity solutions also facilitate compliance in SaaS environments. With Simeio, organizations can fulfill complex compliance obligations with confidence.

Simplifying Access in Complex IT Environments

  • Pain Point: Modern enterprises deal with intricately connected IT ecosystems comprised of legacy systems, on-premise software, cloud applications, and hybrid environments. This makes managing user identities and access highly complex.
  • Solution: Simeio provides integrated IAM platforms that unify visibility and control across diverse IT stacks. Through key capabilities like single sign-on, identity federation, and centralized policies, we simplify access and administration across environments.

Safeguarding Against Escalating Cyber Threats

  • Pain Point: From phishing to stolen credentials to malicious insiders, cybercriminals constantly seek to exploit identities to infiltrate systems and data. As a result, securing digital identities is crucial for defense.
  • Solution: Simeio secures identities and access through contextual controls, multi-factor authentication, advanced behavioral analytics, and embedded security orchestration. Our Zero Trust approach validates all users before granting least-privilege access, thwarting attacks. 

Answering the Trending Questions Around Identity Management Solutions

How can identity management solutions mitigate cyberthreats?

Identity management solutions offer robust capabilities that help mitigate escalating cybersecurity threats in several ways. For instance, implementing controls like multi-factor authentication (MFA), behavioral analytics, and contextual access policies reduces risks by adding validation layers, monitoring suspicious activity, and restricting access to only what is needed.

Privileged access management (PAM) adds extra protections for administrative accounts, which are lucrative targets for attackers. By applying PoLP and implementing controls like temporary elevation and just-in-time provisioning, PAM limits the damage attackers can inflict if a privileged account is compromised.

What’s the best way to manage access in complex IT environments?

Modern IT environments comprised of on-premise systems, legacy infrastructure, cloud applications, and hybrid ecosystems pose access management challenges. However, identity management solutions offer capabilities that streamline access control across complex, heterogeneous IT:

Identity federation also bridges disparate systems by linking users’ digital identities across domains. Additionally, implementing SSO enables users to seamlessly authenticate across all applications and systems with one set of credentials. This eliminates the need to manage multiple passwords while providing users with simple, unified access.

How can Organizations Unify Identity Data and Governance?

Organizations using fragmented, siloed identity stores struggle to gain a unified view of identities and apply consistent governance. However, identity management solutions offer capabilities to consolidate and harmonize identity information. Firstly, implementing a master identity repository provides a central store for identity data across all systems and applications. Secondly, leveraging identity analytics and intelligence applies visibility into the centralized identity store.

An identity manager solution also allows consolidation of identity silos into a unified repository. Additionally, machine learning algorithms can detect risks, find redundancy, and provide insights for optimization. Finally, organizations can implement centralized access governance over the unified identity repository. Setting policies, entitlements, and controls in one place streamlines management across all systems.

Partner With Simeio for Unmatched Identity Management Solutions and Expertise

To learn more about revolutionizing your IAM program, contact Simeio today. Our identity management experts are ready to evaluate your environment and provide a strategic roadmap to IAM maturity. Request a consultation or demo to see firsthand how Simeio can help optimize your identity and access management.

Strengthen your security posture, simplify IT management, and enable digital transformation by partnering with the IAM leader – Simeio.

Unlock the full potential of your identity program today.

Ebook – Privileged Access Management Vs. Healthcare Supply Chain Attacks in 2023

Ebook – Privileged Access Management Vs. Healthcare Supply Chain Attacks in 2023

Advisory Services & Access Management Datasheet

Successful cybersecurity is like a well-defended castle. For healthcare enterprises like hospitals and insurance providers, protecting confidential patient data is paramount. But when hackers breach your outer perimeter, do you have a stronghold to fall back to? Or are you vulnerable to the supply chain attacks which have ravaged the healthcare industry? With DoS attacks increasing by 74% in 2022 over 2021, your enterprise needs to prepare.

Privileged Access Management systems can be your front line and last line against supply chain attacks, applying the principles of RBAC to enforce PoLP and protect sensitive identities. Learn how your enterprise can create a solid identity platform through intelligent implementation of Privileged Access Management systems. By assessing your identity fabric, closing infrastructure gaps, bolstering your remediation capabilities, educating users, and embracing automation, you greatly reduce the likelihood of suffering catastrophe.

Follow these steps towards proper implementation, and your walls shall stand tall and strong against all attackers.